Abstract：
Using the library collection at Northwest Normal University of Lanzhou, Gansu, China, this study analyzes the Han-aborigine boundary maps delineated by the Qing Dynasty during the reign of Emperor Qianlong (1711-1799). Examining related historical materials revealed that the Han-aborigine boundary map of 1758 was the first to be created through the collaboration of civil and military officials in Taiwan. It served to illustrate changes in the boundary with the old and new boundary lines drawn in blue and red, respectively. Reconnaissance of Commander-in-Chief Ma Longtu contributed to the detailed depiction of geographical features such as the Zhuoshui Creek. With such precision, accurate demarcation of the boundary could be made using continuous lines to replace the previous dotted boundary. Hence, earthen oxen could be clearly and correctly erected to define boundary lines in Tamsui Prefecture and Zhanghua Prefecture. The drawing of this map also enabled officials in northern and central Taiwan to propose plans for constructing military garrisons and reorganizing agricultural land within their jurisdiction. In other words, this map served as a blueprint for official administration policies as well as defense strategies and marked a turning point in the history of eighteenth-century Qing Taiwan.

Keywords：Aborigine Boundary Map, Territorial Map, Blue-line Aboriginal Boundary, Boundary Demarcation, Earthen-oxen Trench

Abstract：
Though historical studies on land reforms of Taiwan in late Qing Dynasty and in early Japanese colonial era are plentiful, few have explored in depth the different nature of the governing regimes introducing these reforms. This paper argues the necessity and significance of highlighting the transformation of governmentality involved in these land reforms when examining their impact on the modernization of land system, land laws and land management in Taiwan. Firstly, the implementation processes of Liu’s land reform and Gotō’s land survey are compared in terms of policy planning, organizational logic and investigation methods to shed light on how the traditional governmentality of patrimonial bureaucracy in late Qing and the governmentality of modern bureaucracy in early Japanese rule supported respectively the execution of these two land reforms. Secondly, the concrete achievements of the two reforms and their influences are compared to indicate that although the land administration and taxation systems in late Qing were unified to a certain extent after the completion of Liu’s reform, the land administration and legal culture still maintained the traditional style. In other words, Qing officials continued to govern local society and the people indirectly with traditional governmentality. In contrast, upon the completion of Gotō’s land survey, the modern land administration system, including the atlas of Taiwan (Taiwan Hozu, Taiwan-Baotu, 臺灣 堡圖), the cadastre and the land registration system, was established, and new organizations of legal knowledge such as the Committee on the Investigation of Taiwanese Old Customs (Taiwan Kyukan Chosakai, Taiwan-Jiuguan-Diaochahui, 臺灣 舊慣調查會) and the Research Association of Taiwanese Old Customs (Taiwan Kyukan Kenkyukai, Taiwan-Guanxi-Yanjiuhui, 臺灣慣習研究會) were also instituted. With these new establishments, land tenure was modernized and land rights could be validly protected. All these accomplishments enabled the government to exercise direct rule over local society and the people with modern governmentality.

Keywords：Liu Ming-chuan, Gotō Shinpei, Land Reform, Governmentality, Patrimonial Bureauacy, Modern Bureauacy

Abstract：
This paper discusses how Taiwanese merchants in Shantou applied business strategies to the management of the Dadong Ice-making Company in the early twentieth century. Under Japanese colonial rule, Taiwanese sekimin conducted business in Mainland China either on their own or through family ties. While their status as “Japanese nationals” endowed them with various privileges (such as tax exemption), it also caused them trouble under the anti-foreigner, in particular anti-Japanese, sentiment that gripped China in the early twentieth century. In face of imminent threats to their personal safety as well as inevitable economic repercussions, Taiwanese sekimin tried to strike a balance between their Japanese ties and Chinese roots. The discussion in this paper begins with describing the economic status of Shantou in modern Chinese history and its significance in southern China, followed by the background of Taiwanese merchants and their business operations in Shantou. Specifically, the Dadong Ice-making Company, a joint venture of Xin Huang, an entrepreneur from Tainan, and a group of Taiwanese sekimin in Shantou, is presented as a case study illustrating the “frenemy” relationship of Taiwanese merchants with their Japanese and Chinese counterparts in Shantou. With adaptive application of business strategies that made use of nationality, ethnicity, and language, Taiwanese sekimin merchants protected their commercial interests, as evidenced in how Dadong Ice-making Company survived in the Order of Deportation Incident of 1930 and the growing conflict between Taiwanese and Chinese merchants in that period. This paper also traces and explores the evolution of the tripartite relationship under these two crises.

Keywords：Taiwanese Sekimin, Merchants, Shantou, Business Strategies, Dadong Icemaking Company

Abstract：
Robert Briggs Watson (1903-1978) was a staff member of the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation and had worked in China and Taiwan from 1946-1949. With reference to Watson’s diary, this article examines historical materials of malaria control in post-war Taiwan. It also traces the events leading to the establishment of the Taiwan Malaria Research Institute and analyzes the roles played by Chun-Hui Yen, Shi-Chu Hsu and US aid to Taiwan in the Institute. The analysis contributes to a better understanding on the history of malaria control and international health in Taiwan in the early post-war era.

Keywords：Robert Briggs Watson, Malaria, Taiwan, Rockefeller Foundation, US Aid