Abstract：
This article explores prison education in colonial Korea and Taiwan from both the “colonizer-colonized” and “ruler-criminal” perspectives. Moreover, it analyzes the related legal system, discourses and actual operation in the contexts of both legal social history and imperial history. As for the legal system, the prison legislation of colonial Taiwan and Korea were mainly formulated and implemented in accordance with the prison laws of the Japanese mainland. After the 1930s, the Japanese mainland uniformly implemented the progressive treatment system. While Korea followed suit, Taiwan did not and remained so throughout the colonial era. Chaplain service and prison education in Japan and colonial Taiwan and Korea were exclusively dominated by Jodo Shinshu monks. Religious freedom of prisoners was not well protected. From the original emphasis on moral education, teaching expanded to include science education. Nevertheless, colonial prison education suffered setbacks due to shortage of manpower, language barrier, and exclusion of local religious as chaplains/teachers. Prisoners in the colonies responded differently to the prison education agenda. This study also examines the applicability and limitations of Nishikawa Nagao’s theory on unification of national subjects.

Keywords：Prison, Education, Progressive Treatment, Punishment, Jodo Shinshu

Abstract：
In Japanese Colonial Taiwan, a “prosecutorial substitute” played the role of a functionally acting prosecutor. It was an adjunct position for the chief inspector or court clerk who held the chief inspector post concurrently. This article explores the establishment, development, and operation of the prosecutorial substitute system in Taiwan under Japanese rule through the review of 108 cases in district court and district public prosecutors’ office from 1896 to 1930 with sources from official archives and newspapers. Owing to financial straits in early colonial rule, Taiwan Sotokufu (the Government-General of Taiwan) restricted the prescribed number of prosecutors and had assigned the chief inspector as the prosecutorial substitute since 1896. This expedient reflected not only the expanding executive power under colonial rule, but also the legacy of an outdated viewpoint that the police were part of the judiciary. As a result, it was difficult to raise objection, based on the separation of powers, against the police having jurisdiction in the legal realm. However, by 1902, the lack of chief inspectors serving dual roles caused Taiwan Sotokufu to adopt the suggestion from the prosecutor general to assign the clerk of district public prosecutors’ office as chief inspector who also served as prosecutorial substitute. Prosecutorial substitutes were nominated by Taiwan Sotokufu, the procuratorate, and the local government; hence, any staffing change of prosecutorial substitutes would imply either cooperation or dissension among these three official departments. Moreover, in legal practice, the prosecutorial substitute was regarded as a regular prosecutor. While there were prosecutorial substitutes involved in malfeasant corruption; there were also those forming a professional identity in the judicial system distinct from their original position as court clerk.

Keywords：Prosecutorial Substitute, Chief Inspector, Clerk of District Court (/District Public Prosecutors’ Office), District Court, Japanese Colonial Taiwan

Abstract：
This paper analyzed the Japanese botanical exploration in Taiwan from 1895 to the Colonial Government’s project of “Useful Plants Survey” in the 1910s. In addition to plant lists, floras, specimens, and other historical materials, this study also used the collection of correspondence of Miyabe Kingo at the Hokkaido University Archives. Until the end of the 19th century, the development of Japanese botany was constrained by the West. This prompted Sapporo Agricultural College and Tokyo Imperial University to work respectively on regional research of new colonies. Tokyo Imperial University’s 1896 Taiwan Expedition was lackluster at best. Although Japan wanted to keep the survey results of Taiwan’s nature to herself, it failed due to inadequate research capabilities and technologies, inability to understand Taiwan’s natural world, and incapacity to govern. In 1905, the Governor-General’s Office in Taiwan improved its past practices and launched the project of “Survey of Useful Plants of Formosa.” Survey proponents and participants included botanical researchers from Sapporo Agricultural College and Tokyo Imperial University, as well as bureaucrats from the Colonial Government. In essence, this elite group was the epitome of Japanese botany. The surveyors quickly went everywhere including the highest mountain in Taiwan, collected a large number of specimens from various locations, and published A List of Plants of Formosa to facilitate communication and inspection by local officials. At the same time, oversea specimen exchanges and book donations were conducted to show the governing ability of the Colonial Government. The survey arguably shifted the long-standing, sole focus off Tokyo Imperial University with regards to Taiwan’s botanical surveys. Overall, the goal of the “Useful Plants Survey” was to study “all”, not just “useful”, plants in Taiwan. The Governor-General’s Office played a significant role in it, not merely to display the dominance of the empire over its colony. This reflects the abstractness and complexity of the investigation of nature in relation to imperial governance. The “Useful Plants Survey” is the key to the localization of Taiwan’s plant research and it is also the cornerstone for the future development of academic research on Taiwan.

Keywords：Botanical Survey, Collector, Natural History, Nitobe Inazo, Kawakami Takiya

Abstract：
This article is a retrospective review of master theses and doctoral dissertations on legal studies archived at the National Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations in Taiwan. The analysis aims to shed light on the generation of content knowledge over the past two decades and traces the evolution in these legal studies from the normative research perspective of the country and the legal system to the social empirical research orientation of the people and the social/legal life in response to social changes and development needs of Taiwan. In contrast to the established narratives of legal history in Taiwan and past research emphasis on legal history of China, these analyzed theses and dissertations focus more on contemporary legal history with local perspectives developed from Taiwan. Their discussion, in addition to abstract legal norms, has gradually expanded to political, economic and social conditions consequent to implementation of laws. Moreover, their research approaches have also become more varied emphasizing both norms and facts of legal practices. Research findings on legal history of Taiwan in the past two decades reveal distinct features of Taiwan including its geographical location, multi-ethnic origins and diverse cultures The different legal cultures and lives arising from ethnicities, political parties, genders and ideologies in different eras and regions have opened up a new research horizon.

Keywords：Legal History of Taiwan, Theses and Dissertations, Fundamental Legal Studies, Content Knowledge