Abstract：
　　The paper aims at exploring the mechanism for the development of Taiwan's territorial society during the Japanese era. The key question is how the territorial society was made it possible. By understanding the aforementioned process, we obtain the picture concerning the nature of social formation based on territory, which deviates from the traditional criteria grounded on kinship or places of origin. The term, territorial society, implies here a society rooted on a specific geographical space for the founding and maintaining of people's interrelationships. 　　The land-survey and geographical systems established afterward during the early stage of the Japanese era clarified the units of daxiaozi (大小字) with demarcated geographical spaces, which turned out to be the rudimentary spatial elements for administration, policing, as well as all sorts of socio-educational institutes. The system later initiated the development of Taiwan's territorial society. 　　The local administration in Taiwan became stabilized in 1920 after the jiezhuangzhi (街庄制) was well-developed. Within the exclusive geographical space of jiezhuang (街庄), people participated in political, economic and social activities through landed associations such as zhuangyichang (庄役場), zhuangxieyihui (庄協議會), xinyongzuhe (信用組合), fangmianweiyuan (方面委員), gongronghui (共榮會) and gradually developed a sense of unity. The administrative unit of jiezhuang (街庄) thus constituted the first-level spatial component of the territorial society, termed the space of jiezhuangmin (街庄民). 　　During the Japanese era paichusuo (派出所) there was the local police institute zhuangdingtuan (壯丁團) and the local militia for self-defense and baojia (保甲), whichwas the local autonomous institute mainly assisting the police institute.Zhuang-dingtuan (壯丁團) and baojia (保甲) were organized according to the district of paichusuo (派出所) in 1909. The members of both groups participated in all kinds of police-designated activities and gradually developed a sense of common identity. The district of paichusuo (派出所) thus became the second-level spatial component of the territorial society, namely the space of jingchaguan (警察官). 　　The units of daxiaozi (大小字) were the basic state-allocated geographical units in the Japanese era. After 1904 the residents within the units also developed a sense of common identity through various activities such as baojia (保甲), qingniantuan (青年團), kuoyujiangxisuo (國語講習所), nongshishixingzuhe (農事實行組合), buluozizhizhenxinghui (部落自治振興會), qu ji buluohui (區及部落會). The unit therefore turned out to be the third-level spatial component for territorial society, called the space of buluomin (部落民). 　　The three spatial components owned their own distinct and independent boundaries without transgressing each other, while at the same time each of them constituted different hierarchical levels for spatial demarcation. They all served as the spatial channels where the state exerted their coercive power into the local society, as well as the places where the local people developed different hierarchical levels of territorial society.

Keywords：Territorial Society, Geographical system, daxiaozi (大小字), the space of jiezhuangmin (街庄民空間), the space of jingchaguan (警察官空間), the space of buluomin (部落民空間)

Abstract：
　　This article is a preliminary study on the changing thoughts of sanitation and health in colonial Taiwan. The author attempts to trace the links between various statements related to sanitary conditions in colonial Taiwan and medical theories and progress across a wide range of western works. It is aimed at demonstrating how medical and public health progress or definitions in the West enacted the thoughts of sanitation and health in Taiwan. Some historians argued that the Japanese practitioners imposed the hygienic values in Taiwan for the purpose of colonial rule, this study, however, suggested that such values might simply percolate downward or at least around in colonial Taiwanese society randomly. In conclusion, the changing thoughts of sanitation and health in colonial Taiwan have highlighted the differences─in particular the greater role of the state in promoting sanitary policies─as well as the similarities to the changing mainstream from the German model to the Anglo-American model.

Keywords：sanitation, hygiene, public health, miasma theory, acclimatization, colonial policy

Abstract：
　　The discourse on Taiwan's successful land reform usually puts effort on the actors of external forces ─ the KMT-state and U.S. aid.　However, the objective of this research is to re-examine Taiwan's land reform experiences from the vantagepoint of its domestic social origins.　The agrarian class relations and cultural construction in and after the Japanese colonial period might have had some specific influences on the initiation of land reform in post-war Taiwan.　This research would like to investigate what types of tenancy relations existed?　Did these relations promote or prevent the emergence of a deprived consciousness of the tenant classes?　Were these relations changing over the course of the pre-land reform period?　This research tries to answer the above questions, and a perspective using collective behavior and social movement theory is developed to analyze the land reform experiences in Taiwan. 　　The research investigates two major policies in Taiwan's land reform: one is "the 37.5％ Farm Land Rent Reduction Program in 1949;" the other is "the Sales of Public Farm Land in 1948 and 1951."　The results related to the above questions are very different.　Much discontent from the domestic social origin toward landlords could not be confirmed in the case of the Farm Land Rent Reduction Program.　Authoritarian control from the government and the horrific "228 event" taking place in 1947 all played important roles in preventing Taiwanese landlords' opposition to the Farm Land Rent Reduction Program.　However, the subsistence ethic seemingly had been violated in the other case.　Many peasant movements emerged in 1947 and 1948, which were against the state-owned Taiwan Sugar Company.　The authoritarian control used to justify the quiescence of landlords is not suitable to explain the emergence of those uprisings.　This research maintains that those rebellions were the source for the policy of the Sales of Public Farm Land in 1948 and the policies that followed. Therefore, the assumption of this research can probably be vindicated. This paper then argues that the experience of Taiwan's land reform should be much more carefully examined.

Keywords：Land Reform, the 37.5％ Farm Land Rent Reduction Program, the Sales of Public Farm Land, Tenancy Relations, The Taiwan Sugar Company

Abstract：
　　As man's political actions are significantly motivated by political ideas, ideology becomes one of the most important arenas in the political struggle. Albert O. Hirschman points out in his Rhetoric of Reaction that all progressive thrusts in the last two hundred years in Europe were followed by ideological conterthrusts, while although assaulting the different enemies have contained the same theses. In Taiwan during the authoritarian stage, some of those theses also became the backbone of the Kuomintang regime's propaganda against the demand for democratic reform. Focusing mainly on the political commentaries by scholar and journalists, this paper analyzes and discusses how some theories in American mainstream social sciences were used or abused on the assault of the democratic movement. These theories include, among others, the modernization theory, which presumes an economic prerequisite to democracy, political cultural theory, which argues prescribing a particular culture for the working of democracy, and theory of political decay, which sees mass participation only bringing about political disorder rather than democratic reform. This paper concludes with a call to social scientists for giving more consideration to the political and social context when promoting inconclusive theories and findings.

Keywords：democratization, political reform, authoritarianism, legitimacy, ideology