Abstract：
The Dutch author and navigator Jan Huyghen van Linschoten, while being the secretary of the archbishop of Portuguese India in the 1580s, took advantage of his position to accumulate a large amount of valuable and secret Portuguese and Spanish “roteiros”/ rutters, and shared this information with many in Europe through the publication of his Reys-gheschrift vande navigatien der Portugaloysers in Orienten in 1595. The appearance of this book and its several European translations encouraged many Dutch and later other Europeans to venture into Asia and enter the race for trade and colonization. To some extent, it also hastened the decline of the Portuguese and Spanish overseas empires. Some rutters in the book dated between the 1540s and the 1580s recorded voyages which passed by the northern or southern tips of the main island of Taiwan, the sightings of which they often recorded as these were important landmarks along the voyages. In the interest of sorting out the different legends and the true history related to the naming of Taiwan as “Formosa/Fermosa/Fremosa/Hermosa” Island (literally “Beautiful Island” in Portuguese or Spanish, modern or archaic), these rutters constitute useful 16th-century first-hand sources. After a brief introduction on the author Linschoten and his various books on navigation issued in the 1590s, this article analyses a total of seven relevant rutters from Reysgheschrift in an attempt to determine both their recording dates and their contents related to Taiwan, and, finally, examines these rutters in the contexts of Portuguese and other European maps and some other supplementary primary sources to ascertain the history of the origin and timing of the name “Formosa”. Conclusions thus put forward differ somewhat in terms of timing from the prevailing legends on the matter, and, in particular, the “revisionist” views postulated recently by some which credited the naming to the Spanish instead of the Portuguese.

Keywords：Formosa/“The Beautiful Island”/Taiwan, Jan Huyghen van Linschoten, Reys-gheschrift vande navigatien der Portugaloysers, Portuguese in Asia, Rutters/ “roteiros”, Age of Discovery

Abstract：
This study examines the livelihood mode and social transformation of the Quimaurie tribe from the 17th to 19th centuries, and demonstrates how the tribe adapted to imperial governance through diverse livelihood modes, thus avoiding displacement under the reign of different regimes. In the 17th century, the Quimaurie tribe depended on fishing, hunting, gathering and craftsmanship for their livelihood. They provided labor services and bartered goods between the Danshui River basin and the Liwu River mouth. Under Qing rule, they changed to rely on marine resources and trading activities for a living during the reign of Emperors Kangxi and Yongzheng. Then under the influence of land reclamation and tenancy practices of the Hans, monetary economy, and trade restrictions, their livelihood again was forced to change during Emperor Qianlong’s reign. Thereafter, various factors, including Qing Empire’s official policy toward aboriginal boundaries and protection of land rights for Taiwanese plains aborigines came into play, further deteriorating their living conditions. With the assistance of Han settlers, aboriginal communities reclaimed forest resources located relatively far away and through the “establishment of land ownership and tenancy relationship” collected aboriginal land rent as a survival strategy. In the meantime, to maintain fishery and commerce operations, the Quimaurie tribe built temples jointly with Han fishermen in exchange for better deals in negotiating resource integration and resolving conflicts with the Hans. On the other hand, they retained traditional indigenous rituals and ceremonies, and adopted narratives of ancestral origins, thereby shaping a regional society in which indigenous and Han communities were both “integrated and separated” in Tuman (Sheliao Isle) during Qing rule.

Keywords：Quimaurie Tribe, Changes in Livelihood, Establishment of Land Ownership, Water Area of Quimaurie, Basay

Abstract：
Focusing on traditional aboriginal communities and in particular, the Pucunug (Pujilu) Village, this paper represents the first attempt at combining ancient documents, key oral histories, and important archaeological evidences from related abandoned communities as crucial first-hand historical materials. Through adopting novel research methods and perspectives, this study aims to overcome current difficulties in tracing the origins, cultural histories and transformation of indigenous ethnic groups in Taiwan. Worthy of note is that in Taiwan history research, aborigines from “outside the realm” have long been marginalized in studies on the Qing dynasty or Han-Chinese. This paper therefore seeks to reposition aborigines at the center of this historical stage and to examine the cultural characteristics of indigenous communities and their relationships with the external societies using direct evidence from their abandoned villages. From the 16th to the late-19th centuries, Pucunug Village was located within the shengfan (unassimilated barbarian) tribal areas. However, it did not exist in isolation for four hundred years but maintained contacts with external societies, from which it obtained considerable amount of imported artifacts. Moreover, before the 1640s it had already established an inter-ethnic sphere engaging in political, economic, social, cultural and linguistic interactions with both Cattia Village and Han-Chinese immigrants, thus creating an intimate interdependence. Even after delineation of the fan-jie (barbarian areas) under Qing rule, this interactive sphere still existed without isolation, as evidenced by the continued discovery at Pucunug Village of large quantities of 18th- and 19th-century imported artifacts such as ceramics from Fujian and Guangdong. In other words, the excavation of these large number of daily-use pottery utensils from China and the external Han-Chinese influence are indicative of persistent relation and interaction of Pucunug Village with Han-Chinese and shou-fan (assimilated barbarians) despite of “Establishment of Regulations” under the 17th-century Dutch colonists or delineation of fan-jie by the Qing court in 18th and 19th centuries. Nevertheless, the core values of Paiwan culture remained unaffected by such continuous interactions.

Keywords：Abandoned Village Archaeology, Pucunug Village, Wenle Abandoned Village, Policy of ‘Opening up the mountains and pacifying barbarians’, Fenji Lake, Jiawu Dudou Clan, Cattia Village

Abstract：
Using “United Strike” and “Cold Talker Incident” within the Taiwan Shin Minpao Publishing House as concrete examples, this article illustrates the process, impact, and significance of capitalization operations of the colonial modern press, which developed along with the anti-colonial movement, in the context of the split between the Taiwan People’s Party (TPP) and the Taiwan Local Self-Government League (TLSL). With approval from the Office of the Governor-General of Taiwan, The Taiwan Minpao was the only legitimate space for public opinion of the anti-colonial movement with a decent readership. In order to preserve this fledgling channel of free speech, the publishing house adopted a capitalized business model of equity financing to maintain a regular publishing schedule. At the same time, the collaboration between the local gentry and young intellectuals was institutionalized. The local gentry who contributed capital became the management leading the development of the colonial press, while the young intellectuals who provided anti-colonial discourses served as the journalists. In February 1930, the merger of the Taiwan Minpao Publishing House and the Taiwan Shin Minpao Publishing House coincided with the separation of national movement activists from the TPP as they sought to organize the TLSL. Seeing that most managers and shareholders of the Taiwan Shin Minpao Publishing House were major figures in the TLSL whereas the majority of journalists in the publishing house were in favor of the TPP, Lin Cheng-lu, Chiang Wei-shui and Xie Chun-mu joined hands inciting the journalists to start the “United Strike” to fight for control over personnel matters of the publishing house on the grounds of improper dismissal and unfair salary adjustments. The discord between the TPP and the TLSL persisted even after the publication of the daily newspaper, The Taiwan Shin Minpao. In July 1932, journalist Ng Ong-seng, through his column “Cold Talks,” ridiculed Yang Zhao-jia, a board member of The Taiwan Shin Minpao for treating the newspaper as an organ of the TLSL. This eventually led to the “Cold Talker Incident” in which these two men engaged in written polemics. To the management, Ng’s criticism was based on partisan views, and his comments not only revealed the inconsistent stance of the publishing house, but also affected newspaper sales. On the other hand, Ng did not want The Taiwan Shin Minpao to be dominated by the TLSL and tried to accuse that the capitalization operations of the publishing house had turned it into an organization where capital could be used to compete for the right to speak. This fight eventually led the management to take it for granted that The Taiwan Shin Minpao was the propaganda organ of the TLSL, ignoring journalistic professionalism and reporting autonomy.

Keywords：Capitalization Operation, Taiwan People’s Party, Taiwan Local Self- Government League, Taiwan Shin Minpao Publishing House, United Strike, Cold Talker Incident

Abstract：
After World War II, and particularly in 1949, a massive influx of mainland Chinese immigrants to Taiwan drastically altered the island’s demography. However, demographic statistics did not include military personnel on active duty who were not required to file household registration. Hence, exactly how many mainland Chinese migrated to Taiwan remained unknown. Estimations varied widely, ranging from less than 1 million to two million. Newly declassified Presidential Office Archives and Executive Yuan Archives contain previously undisclosed 1956 census reports of military personnel on active duty. Estimation on the basis of these archival data yielded a population of 1,024,233 mainland Chinese immigrants in Taiwan and the Kinmen-Matsu military zones on September 16th, 1956. Furthermore, the male to female ratio among the immigrants was 375:100.

Keywords：Mainlanders, Census, Human Migration

Abstract：
In recent years, studies on retrospect and prospect of Taiwan history have mainly analyzed past literature, examined relevant findings, expounded the academic insight accrued, and explored future research possibilities. On the theme of ethnic migration history, this article reviews research findings and contributions from 2017 to 2019 and reflects on trends and features of research over a longer span of time from 2004 to 2019. The analysis showed substantial increase and improvement in research on the Hakka ethnic group in recent years due to government support on studies of ethnic migration history. As for research trends, in addition to traditional topics on migration and ethnic relationships, issues such as ethnic identity and cross-border movement have started to receive attention, demonstrating that ethnic migration history deals not only with historical issues concerning internal ethnicity but also population movements and external connections. Moreover, by reviewing recently published proceedings and books, this article also expounds potential discussions and issues for further research in ethnic migration history.

Keywords：Taiwan History, Migrants, Ethnic Groups, Identity, Hakka, Migration, Crossborder, Social Network