Abstract：
In Taiwan’s long and contested history, we know least about the first and most extended period, which began over six thousand years ago and lasted until the invasion of the Dutch in 1624. Since Taiwan’s aboriginal peoples lacked writing, the analysis first relies on recent archeological evidence, which shows the increasing sophistication of Taiwan’s culture over the millennia. As early as 2800-2200 BCE, Taiwan’s peoples had trading networks with the Pescadore (Penghu) Islands. From 1500 BCE Taiwan’s peoples became the source of migrations to virtually every inhabitable island in the Pacific Ocean and across the Indian Ocean to Madagascar. From 500 BCE to 500 CE Taiwan’s peoples were part of a large trading network that included what is now the Philippines, eastern Malaysia, central and southern Vietnam, peninsular Thailand, and eastern Cambodia. Trade within Taiwan was also widespread. This trade and imports, such as metal technology, all came from Southeast Asia; no evidence of contact with China exists. Early Chinese writing confirms Taiwan was “foreign.” In addition, early 17th century Chinese accounts of Taiwan aborigines mesh with early Dutch accounts. These accounts demonstrate that Taiwan’s aborigines had healthy and prosperous societies and that village construction demonstrated considerable sophistication. Chinese had little to do with Taiwan in part because Fujian was the last part of the Pacific coast inhabited by Han Chinese. Although the Ming Dynasty basically withdrew from foreign trade, Taiwan became a place for trade among Chinese merchant-pirates, Japanese and later Westerners within the wider trading networks of East and Southeast Asia. Yet, none of these groups established a permanent base in Taiwan. Only in 1624, did the Dutch accept advice from several sources to retreat from their base in the Pescadore (Penghu) Islands to the “stateless area” of Taiwan. Thus, only in 1624 did the Dutch establish the first colonial regime in Taiwan.

Keywords：Archeology, Trading Networks, Metal Age, Aboriginal Society, Ming Trade Prohibition, Merchant-Pirates, Arrival of Europeans in Asia

Abstract：
In Qing historiography, “shuang dong zao dao” (雙冬早稻), a term referring to the practice of rice farming in southern Taiwan, did not mean double cropping per year, but paddy planted in the twelfth month of the lunar calendar and harvested in the fourth month of the following year. Shuang dong zao dao had its competitive advantages as a commodity in markets. This kind of paddy was harvested earliest in Taiwan, implying that it can timely satisfy the huge demand for rice in urban areas on the island and overseas markets. To a lesser degree, its importance derived from the fulfillment of local consumption. Indeed, the core meaning of shuang dong zao dao was its connection with the outer world instead of its relation to the unique culture of “feng shan ba she” (鳳山八 社), or the local aboriginals in southern Taiwan, as previous research underscored. In addition, existing literature indicates that the traditional agricultural crop of feng shan ba she was not shuang dong zao dao which grew in irrigated paddy fields, but another variety which was cultivated in land without irrigation and harvested in autumn. It is safe to say that the production and spread of shuang dong zao dao in southern Taiwan revealed the process of incorporating a local practice into distribution networks of Taiwan island or even of southern China.

Keywords：Taiwan, Paddy, Civilized Aboriginals, Hakka, Rice Trade

Abstract：
This study applies the basic questions on literary history to analyzing the construction of Taiwanese Literary History under Japanese Colonial Rule as a field of study. “Literary history” as a subject deals primarily with understanding the literature of a country. Thus, when placing “Taiwanese literature” into a framework of “literary history,” Taiwan thus presumably had the status of a nation. Nevertheless, to write a comprehensive literary history of a colony made up of many different ethnic groups is by no means an easy task. Such a project would involve parsing out not only the history of that colony, but also the definition of literature itself and literary criticism. Current research on Taiwanese Literary History under Japanese Colonial Rule has generally focused on “the subjectivity of Taiwan”; that is, whether or not to take Taiwanese writers into consideration when constructing a Taiwanese literary history. However, this article argues that it is necessary to reexamine the history of “the subjectivity of Taiwanese literary history,” investigating the idea of Taiwanese literary history as an organic entity in which different peoples have come together at different times, and looking into the aesthetic or standard of evaluation adopted to critique the literary works of various cultures. Although considerable research on Taiwanese Literary History under Japanese Colonial Rule has already been carried out, this study approaches the topic from new angles. This article is guided by the above question of how to write a literary history of a multi-ethnic colony, and seeks to form a new methodology and intellectual framework for exploring this issue in the Taiwanese context.

Keywords：Literary history, Taiwanese Literary History, Taiwanese Literature, Subjectivity

Abstract：
After the Busha Incident of 1930, the Office of the Governor-General launched large-scale collective relocations, forcing mountain indigenous people to migrate to foothill regions. Bunun and pan-Atayal (including Seediq and Truku), who were considered by the Japanese the most difficult to govern, were among those affected. Such policy broke up social relationships among the tribes. This study reconstructed and examined the social networks of Bunun and pan-Atayal tribes in 1931 to shed light on the impact of the collective relocation policy. It was found that tribes inhabiting the same river basin shared strong connections while those of the same ancestry but geographically separated could not maintain close ties. Hence, relocating the same tribe to different regions would disintegrate intra-tribal relationship, and separating different tribes with close connections to locations distant apart would also sever inter-tribal ties. This paper presented three cases of intra-tribal split and seven cases of inter-tribal break-up that occurred between 1931 and 1945 for further in-depth research.

Keywords：Ethnic History, Historical Sociology, Social Network Analysis, Historical GIS