Abstract：
The British Library collection contains a spectacular map of Qing Taiwan during the Qianlong era. It is in color and spans approximately 490 cm in length. From a cultural and historical perspective, the feature that warrants the most attention in this cartographic depiction of Taiwan is the changing administrative borderlines (番界, fanjie). Moreover, this map sketches also both imperial and unofficial infrastructure, including traffic routes, governmental offices, military posts (汛塘, xuntang), frontier inspection stations (關隘, guanai), local watchtowers (望樓, wanglou), aboriginal villages (番社, fanshe), as well as Han towns and settlements. This map of Qianlong era has neither captions nor textual descriptions, thus requiring a more thorough reconstruction of its historical background, important themes, the main initiator and his chief intentions. This paper seeks to answer these questions according to the relevant literature and documentation. In view of the specific watchtower depictions, which reflect changes taking place between 1778 and 1780, the map was drawn around or after 1780. Furthermore, this map is probably also related to General Dong Guo (董果), who at that time was in charge of the Taiwan garrison. Taiwan subsequently emerged as a crucial part of Qing empire’s southern frontier and central channel to the outside world in the imagination of Qing officials in the second half of the eighteenth century. This Taiwan map of Qianlong era stored at the British Library Collection sheds light on the attitudes of Qing dynasty officials regarding the marine frontier.

Keywords：Map of Taiwan, Green Standard Army, Fengshan County, Tu-niu Ditch, Frontier Inspection Station

Abstract：
Taiwan is an island with rich marine resources. As early as the sixteenth century, Han Chinese had followed schools of mullet to the western coast of Taiwan; some stayed, reclaiming land and forming the earliest Chinese settlements. Research of Nakamura Takashi and Ts’ao Yung-ho indicated that under the rule of the Dutch East India Company, marine products were frequently exported and constituted one of the major exports of Taiwan. During the early Qing era, shark fin from Taiwan remained an important export item to Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces. However, by late Qing, export of marine products from Taiwan had become insignificant; instead, large quantities of salted fish and other marine products were imported. Under Qing rule, trade between Taiwan and the economic zone in southeastern mainland China involved mainly Taiwan exporting agricultural products in exchange for handicrafts from across the Strait. Hence, the agricultural sector in Taiwan was export-oriented while the fishing industry shifted to be import-oriented; revealing two distinct development trajectories. With reference to primary historical materials, this paper reconstructed the shift in trade orientation and accounted for such change from the perspectives of consumption and production in marine product market of Taiwan.

Keywords：Fishing Industry, Salted Fish, Shark Fin, Imported Products, Division of Labor in Regional Trade, Globalization, North-south Regional Difference

Abstract：
Under Japanese colonial rule, the courts in Taiwan were vested exclusive power of adjudication, as modern states do. However, in actual practice, mediation of civil disputes at magistrates’ courts still adopted the Qing tradition that officials of prefectures and counties could make judgments not necessarily following legal regulations. In colonial Taiwan, civil disputes were resolved through meditation by local administration officials and/or litigation at courts, indicating that while traditional practices were preserved, modern approaches were also accepted and adopted. After World War II, meditation by local administration officials was no longer part of Taiwan’s legal system; yet, authoritarian rule continued to provide and strengthen the practice of resolving civil disputes through meditation. The meditation has been justified be the right to select dispute resolution mechanism in democratic Taiwan. Therefore, the government should not emphasize the efficiency of mediation in settling civil disputes only, but devote more judicial resources to provide more effective court litigation for the selection of people.

Keywords：Old Customs, Mediation, Translation, Hearing, Court, Dispute Resolution, Adjudication, Tradition, Modern

Abstract：
The Tōa Dōbun Gakuin University was established in Nanjing in 1900 by the Japan Tōa Dōbunkai for training China experts, and was moved to Shanghai in the same year. It was funded largely by government grants, and was closed in September 1945, one month after the surrender of Japan. During the 45 years of its existence, it had educated 4,368 students, trained many experts in academic, diplomatic, media, and business fields. However, from the Chinese perspective, they were just vanguards of invasion. Among them, there were 30 students from Taiwan; three of them enrolled in the Chinese division of the University in 1920 using forged identities as natives of Fujian and Guangdong. Despite some research done, there is still much room for more in-depth exploration. With reference to documents related to the University from Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, passport lists, histories of universities, and records of alumni associations, this paper first describes the history of the University, then explores why Taiwanese students enrolled in the University, and traces their study experiences and careers after graduation. More detailed discussion is given to three students, namely Chen Hsin-tso from Taichung who later served in Guangdong as vice consul of Japan, Peng Sheng-mu from Miaoli who became the deputy division head of the Nanjing Office of the Bureau of Investigation and Statistics, and Wang Hong from Lukang who became a professor of Japanese literature at the Shanghai International Studies University. Though all from the same University, they developed distinct career paths. This research on Taiwanese students of the Tōa Dōbun Gakuin University complements earlier study on Taiwanese graduates from the Waseda University and Nara Women’s Normal University, providing a more comprehensive picture in the history of education of Taiwanese studying overseas.

Keywords：Tōa Dōbun Gakuin University, Chen Hsin-tso, Peng Sheng-mu, Wang Hong