Abstract：
By examining ancient literature, gazetteers, land contracts, related survey data and oral history (collective memories), this study discusses the social order of the geographically remote border region in Qing Taiwan, with special emphasis on the social customs and public authority of this region being distant from government rule. Moreover, it examines how the self-autonomous immigrants negotiated with the local shiu-sha-lian aborigines to establish their new living space, with analysis on the social relationships thus formed. Thanks to the system of “kang wu zu”, the immigrant-aboriginal relationship had remained stable and peaceful. Nevertheless, Han immigrants felt threatened by the head-hunting culture of local ethnic groups, and sought protection from divine power, thus fostering the devout worship of the god Can Kui Zu Shi. This paper contains two main findings. First, it sheds light on the nature of “kang wu zu” by challenging the prevailing conception that it was synonymous with “fan ta tsu”, which referred essentially to the land rental relationship between Han immigrants and the natives. Rather, it highlights that “kang wu zu” in fact had a much broader connotation. Second, it reveals changes in the living space of shui-sha-lian aborigines under Qing rule, which can serve as the basis for further research into daily life characteristics and social order in the border regions of Qing Taiwan.

Keywords：Shui-sha-lian Aborigines, Kang Wu Zu, Border, Social Order, Fan Shi Zu, Fu Fan Zu , Fan Ta Zu

Abstract：
Tsai Lien-Fang, the descendent of Tsai Yuen-Shun’s family, was appointed as the mayor of Taichung District, delegate of Taichung City and of Taichung Prefecture. He was a prominent gentry in central Taiwan during the Japanese colonial era, and was also closely connected to and deeply respected by the Government-General of Taiwan. Like other prominent clans in Taiwan, Tsai Lien-Fang’s family faced clashes due to concubines and adopted children. Tsai Bo-Xiang and Tsai Bo-Fen, who were both adopted, worried about their family status being undermined by the birth of Tsai Lien-Fang’s own children. As a result, a dispute broke out over the family estate. Liao Kui, the concubine of Tsai Lien-Fang, who gave birth to three sons and had a background on Chinese studies, was good at resolving disputes. Hence, she was highly respected and remained a dominant figure in the family. While the Tsai family had typical characteristics of affluent eminent clans in Taiwan, it also showed a rather unique state of affairs with a concubine enjoying high status and commanding high esteem, a rare situation in those days. With reference to historical materials including journals of Huang Wang-Cheng, family documents of the Tsai clan from The Archives at the Institute of Taiwan History, Academia Sinica, government documents, and the Taiwan Daily Newspaper, this study attempts to reconstruct the life of Tsai Lien-Fang and his family in the 1920s. The observations and experiences recorded in the journals of Huang Wang-Cheng, a tutor of the Tsai family from 1921-1925, offered valuable insight into the daily activities and interpersonal relationships of the Tsai clan. Photographs, appointment letters and award certificates of Tsai Lien-Fang were also precious first-hand historical materials.

Keywords：Tsai Lien-Fang, Tsai Yuen-Shun, Liao Kui, Tsai Bo-Xiang, Tsai Bo-Fen

Abstract：
The paper discusses first how Taiwan Industrial Cooperative Association and Taiwan Industrial Bank invested the capital gathered from cooperative unions in the 1940s, and then explores the evolution of Taiwan Industrial Bank to Taiwan Cooperative Bank, which carried forward the prewar financial system and channeled the inherited capital to post-World War II economic recovery. Both Taiwan Industrial Cooperative Association and Taiwan Industrial Bank were established during the wartime. Besides being responsible for managing the cooperative unions, they were also in charge of integrating and allocating the capital amassed from cooperative unions. While Taiwan Industrial Bank supplied capital to domestic enterprises and independent farmers through loans, over 50% of its assets were corporate bonds and government bonds of Imperial Japan, which contributed financial resources for the Japanese military expansion in the 1940s. Toward the end of World War II, when Taiwan suffered from serious financial blockade, it was Taiwan Industrial Bank that provided economic support to the Governor-General Office for promoting fiscal independence. In the aftermath of World War II, Taiwan Industrial Bank was taken over by Taiwan Cooperative Bank, which also assumed responsibility for managing the Credit Department of the Farmers’ and Fishermen’s Association, as well as different cooperative unions. During this period of economic recovery, Taiwan Cooperative Bank not only played an important role in advancing loans to farmers, fishermen, and local businesses, but also operated like other banking institutions, which was a breakthrough in its business operations. A macro-analysis of the establishment of Taiwan Industrial Cooperative Association, the evolution of Taiwan Industrial Bank to Taiwan Cooperative Bank, and their subsequent impact on the financial system in Taiwan reveals its significant role in domestic capital integration. Taiwan Cooperative Bank has served to integrate the then banking system and cooperative unions for farmers, fishermen, and local communities into an unitary organization that facilitated the allocation and management of capital by the government. In the late 1940s, when the Nationalist Government took over Taiwan, it made use of the prewar financial system in advancing loans for promoting various government policies.

Keywords：Taiwan Industrial Cooperative Association, Taiwan Industrial Bank, Taiwan Cooperative Bank, Cooperative Union, Wartime Finance

Abstract：
According to industrial surveys conducted in early Japanese colonial era, domestic swine strains of Taoyuan and Meinong in Taiwan were first introduced from the Jiaying region by immigrants of Cantonese origin. Later, the Hakka population also migrated from mainland China to Taiwan, and brought along with them another strain of Chinese swine (Sus scrofa domestica), breeding techniques, and business model of animal husbandry. Consequently, swine husbandry developed in and expanded from Taoyuan and Meinong, and the swine reared in these areas became the indigenous breed of Taiwan. However, beginning from 1897, high economic benefits promised by imported foreign strains and interbreeding as well as the adoption of industrialized swine husbandry had led to marked decrease in the domestic strain over the years and gene introgression. In 1984, the breeding stock of Taoyuan pigs collected from Hakka settlements in Longtan and Jhongli were subsequently preserved and maintained at the then Provincial Livestock Research Institute (i.e., currently the Livestock Research Institute). On the other hand, the pure breed of Meinong and Dingshuangsi pigs were thought to be lost due to genetic introgressions after 1952, and were thereby excluded from the strains to be preserved and maintained. In 2007, a research done by the National Taiwan University unveiled another breed of swine found in Liouduei settlement (mainly in Neipu and Jhutian Townships, where the breeders were mostly Hakka people) possessed mitochondrial DNA sequences distinctive from those of the Taoyuan lineage. Moreover, analysis of their microsatellite DNA polymorphisms found them to be genetically different from Taoyuan pigs. This special indigenous swine breed with Taiwan characteristics was considered a result of inbreeding between black pigs brought from mainland China and the local strain. This study took the Swine Production and Marketing Group of Neipu Township as a case in point to look into the structural factors that have driven people in the Liouduei settlement to continue breeding Taiwan indigenous black pig. Moreover, it examined the characteristics of Taiwan indigenous black pig (whose genetic traits can be distinguished from those of the Taoyuan strain) and pigs raised in the Liouduei settlement, their cultural significance and industrial structure through the historical development of Taiwan’s swine breeding industry. Before the outbreak of the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in 1997, the breeding of indigenous black pig had long been considered a sideline to traditional farming by the Hakkas. According to the Chinese traditional “scavenger feeding” convention, swill was the food for swine. With successive outbreaks of FMD in Taiwan, market of pork export almost came to a standstill, and the swine breeding industry was in jeopardy. A significant impact of this crisis was that the Hakka farmers in Neipu Township modified their breeding practice. First, they abandoned foreign swine breeds and opted for indigenous black pig that could adapt better to the local climate; and second, they combined traditional and modern ways of swine breeding. Such changes allowed farmers to find the niche within the competitive domestic pork market, enabling them to overcome the harsh challenges resulting from the outbreak of FMD, pork imports and soaring prices of international crops. Taiwan’s swine husbandry with “scavenger feeding” practice had drawn attention to the culture of slow food that is rooted in the traditional way of feeding swine with swill. On the one hand, such rearing approach brought together agricultural practice and environmental protection through the concept of resource recycling; on the other hand, it also resulted in the preservation and remediation of Taiwan indigenous black pig.

Keywords：Taiwan Indigenous Black Pig, Scavenger Feeding, Swine Production and Marketing Group of Neipu Township, Foot-and-mouth Disease (FMD), Swine Breeding Industry

Abstract：
With reference to the diary of Japanese Sinologist Momiyama Ishū, a journalist of Taiwan Daily News (臺灣日日新報) from 1898 to 1904, this paper tries to analyze and reconstruct the daily life of a Japanese journalist living in the city of Taipei in the colonial era; in particular, his social relationship with the Governor-General of Taiwan (Taiwan Sōtokufu) and Taiwanese gentry. Examining Momiyama Ishū’s writings and financial exchanges revealed that ethnic differences posed no hindrance to the social interaction between Japanese and Taiwanese. Instead, collaborations and business partnerships were established under mutual interests or common social networks. The personnel changes noted down in Momiyama Ishū’s diary also reflected the chaotic condition when the Governor-General of Taiwan took control of Taiwan Daily News. In addition, the dairy records of Japanese’s daily life in Ko-tei Sō (古亭庄) area offered a glimpse of the particular heteroglossia and hidden hierarchy inside the Japanese circle. The above analysis exposed the shifting relationship between the ruler and the ruled as well as the changing power structure under the colonial system. There were times when sacrifices, exchanges and power restructuring had to be made for the sake of mutual benefits or to achieve a greater goal or advantage. In the process of such, transient interruption to the sovereignty and vulnerability of those in power might arise.

Keywords：Momiyama Ishū, Japanese in Colonial Taiwan, Social Interaction, Colonial System, Power Structure