Abstract：
The Basay, ethnic aboriginals of northern Taiwan are good at trading and cooperating with foreigners. Studies of early Taiwan history in the last two decades have examined their enterprising character and their role as business intermediaries, as evidenced in Dutch historical materials. However, there is a lacuna in existing research on the history of northern Taiwan: the period between Dutch colonization of Taiwan and early Qing rule, roughly equivalent to the mid-seventeenth to early eighteenth century. This study attempts to fill this gap by examining the records of a Dutch official’s visit to Cavalangh (or more commonly “Kavalan”, today’s Yilan) and Terraboang Gold River (in today’s northern Hualien) in 1657. These records reveal that the Basay controlled trade along the northeastern coast of Taiwan and remained the dominant business power in the area until the early eighteenth century despite of persistent penetration of the Hans. As early as the 1710s, there was trade cooperation in northeastern Taiwan between the Hans and the aborigines, most likely the Basay. This study also explores the relations between Ming loyalists and the Ho family, who might have been active in land reclamation in northern Taiwan from the late Cheng regime to early Qing rule. The Basay-Han cooperation led to the introduction of Shechuan, a group of officially registered Chinese junks, for trading merchandise between China and Taiwan along the northeastern coast of Taiwan. The Shechuan signified a technology upgrade from indigenous canoes to Chinese junks for higher efficiency and larger capacity of shipping and trade. The Shechuan brought to China rice exported from northern Taiwan and carried back imported clothes, ironware, tobacco, and daily goods. Such trade evidenced the gradual infiltration of Chinese merchants in business of northeastern Taiwan. In 1754, when the Governor-General of Fujian and Zhejiang suspended the Shechuan to increase the reserve of rice in Taiwan, trade nevertheless continued outside government control. Such clandestine trade contributed to the Han penetration into Cavalangh in the late eighteenth century and merits further investigation.

Keywords：Basay, Chinese Merchants, Shechuan Junks, Aboriginal-Han Cooperation, Ironware

Abstract：
In Taiwan’s sugar trade during the late Qing dynasty, due to consumer preferences, Anping sugar gradually came to be mostly exported to the region north of Central China, and Takow sugar to Japan. In the past, little attention has been paid to whether these differences in sugar export destinations led Tainan and Takow’s sugar merchants to hold different views on other peoples and on the world, and thus to have different responses to and management strategies for the ceding of Taiwan to Japan. Especially after the 1870s, the group of Takow merchants who personally went to Japan and Hong Kong to conduct cross-national trade transformed Taiwan’s commercial culture in the late Qing period and its historical significance; they are worth examining. Secondly, there is little scholarship on the relationship between the Taiwan’s Governor-General’s Office, which in the early days of Japanese rule faced armed resistance by Han people and had to consolidate its dominance, and those Taiwanese businessmen who had experienced the Meiji Restoration firsthand. Furthermore, Taiwan is an island, and commercial trade has always been the locomotive of economic development. However, how the business strategies and ideas of this group of transnational traders confronted the great changes of this era, changes in which tradition and modernity were intertwined, remains to be studied. How they became political and cultural brokers between the Taiwan Governor-General’s Office and local society, and then expanded their business territory and enhanced their social status are questions even more deserving of attention. This article takes the famous sugar merchant Wang Xuenong, who traded between Taiwan and Japan during the Meiji era, as an example. It attempts to explain how and why this sugar merchant, who had already traded in Japan as early as the Meiji Restoration, adopted different business strategies to expand his business territory and emerged as a major figure of wealth and social status in Tainan at the time when Taiwan was ceded to Japan and many merchants and important clans fled back to China. First, it explains the relationship between international trade and the choice of businessmen either to leave or to stay in Taiwan. Secondly, it demonstrates why Wang Xuenong chose to move from Takow to prefectural capital of Tainan (Fucheng), which was Taiwan’s economic center and largest city, and the initial development of his career. Third, from the perspective of cross-national trade and cultural brokership, it analyzes how he quickly became the richest gentleman in Tainan.

Keywords：Chen Zhonghe, Sugar Merchants, Dechang Company, Bank, Sanjiao, Network

Abstract：
Through the review of three criminal cases of 1911 that involved eating of dead bodies, this article analyzes the then circumstance of Japanese colonial rule with westernization and modernization of its legal system, and explores how the Japanese judicial circle constructed the identity of the legal profession in early colonial Taiwan. The Kavalan case highlighted the legal debate on Article 190 of the Penal Code of Japan. To the Japanese judicial circle in Taiwan, the debate regarding the eating of dead tissue/ flesh centered around the controversy on whether the dead body was defined as person or non-person. Despite of diverse views on such held by the Japanese administrative authority and the Taiwanese folk society, the Japanese judges adhered to the ‘more advanced’ legal practice in line with the ‘more civilized’ western jurisprudence, thus rendering the indigenous or Taiwanese traditions and customs as ‘backward’ or ‘savage’. However, the cognition of Japanese judges and lawyers on the western legal system was far from thorough during early colonial rule. Hence, their practice of ‘rule by law’ was through trial and error. While the same Penal Code was applied in both Japan Mainland and colonial Taiwan, there were different legal interpretations regarding these corpse cases. Not only did the Japanese judicial circle in Taiwan show digression and independence from Japan Mainland, there was direct adoption of legal practice from the European jurisprudence.

Keywords：Corpse (/Dead Body), Stillbirth, Japanese Judicial Circle in Taiwan, Colonial Legal Practice, Penal Code of Japan

Abstract：
From the perspective of business history, this study investigated Taiwan’s two largest enterprises in automobile industry of the 1950s to 1970s, namely Yulon Motor Co., Ltd. and Ford Lio Ho Motor Co., Ltd. Specifically, comparison between them was made in terms of production and marketing strategies adopted by domestic and foreign-funded enterprises in their business operations. Moreover, the effects of government industrial policy were also reexamined. During the early years of industrial development when Taiwan had low overall industrial competency, Yulon achieved the local content rate imposed by the government through self-production of components and the establishment of a subsidiary company. Initially, the Taiwan government supported Yulon by granting it monopoly in its operations. However, owing to insufficient supply, the government subsequently opened the market to new manufacturers and allowed partial imports, thus shrinking the market originally monopolized by Yulon. Such changes indicated the lack of consistency in industrial policy of the government. Although the foreign-funded Ford Lio Ho was a latecomer in the automobile industry, it rapidly achieved international-level quality by using the existing technology and production experience of its parent company, Ford. In this way, it fulfilled the government requirement that new manufacturers joining the industry should achieve the same local content rate as that of existing ones; thus enabling the products of Ford Lio Ho and its satellite factory to be exported. Comparing the development experience of the above two automobile enterprises revealed that under the import substitution policy, Yulon was oriented toward supplying the domestic market, while Ford Lio Ho, besides participating in the local market, also became part of Ford’s US production system. In the early development of the automobile industry, the government gave greater priority to domestic production, requiring only the hub factories to improve local content rate. The lack of consideration for fostering peripheral businesses and not taking economic efficiency of small-scale productions into account are limitations of government policy imposed on the assembly industry.

Keywords：Automobile, Yulon Motor Co., Ltd., Ford Lio Ho Motor Co., Ltd., Industrial Policy, Local Content Rat