Abstract：
　　In 2015, the “Federation Cynologique Internationale (FCI)” certified “Taiwan Dog” as the 348th purebred/pedigree dogs, and clearly stipulated its standards. The background of this naming story chronicles the institutionalization of purebred dogs in the world for the past century. It also recounts both official and private investigations, records and changes related to native dogs in Taiwan from the Japanese colonial era to the postwar period. The naming process was completed under transforming political, social and economic developments in Taiwan.
　　The concepts of purebred blood animals and modern dogs have been deeply influenced by modern Western countries and societies. Japan introduced a large number of foreign dogs after the Meiji Restoration. Influenced by the concept of purebred dogs, Japanese colonial Taiwan began using foreign dogs mostly as search dogs in the 1910s, leading to native dogs also being managed, recorded, and evaluated. A preliminary investigation of Taiwan’s native dogs was launched in the 1930s, but became stagnated during the war with the emphasis shifted to foreign dogs, mainly military dogs. Not until the 1980s did Japanese and Taiwanese researchers reinvestigate Taiwan’s native dogs in a more comprehensive way. Promoted by Taiwan’s localization and the atmosphere of commercial profit-seeking, the international naming application of “Taiwan Dog” was completed.
　　The breed concept was introduced by dog experts during the Japanese colonial period. Their views, voiced mainly by the Japanese, were sporadic and focused primarily on dogs in warfare and breed conservation. Taiwanese experts participated in the investigation from the 1960s. The naming history of Taiwan Dog also reflected different stages of development in Taiwan’s history.
　　Moreover, from the perspective of the nations involved, Taiwan’s native dogs was recognized based on the standards of their respective race, and their evaluations of Taiwan’s native dogs reflected their ethnocentric perspectives.

Keywords：Taiwan Dog, Local Dogs, Taxonomy, Modern Dog, Purebred Dogs, National Identity

Abstract：
　　Since the late Qing Dynasty, the history of Taiwan and Manchuria in the Qing Empire had been bonded together under Japan’s southward and northward expansion policies. This paper focuses mainly on the establishment of the police system of the Kanto Governor’s Office in Manchuria, and analyzes how the colonial bureaucrats led by Kodama Gentarō and Gotō Shinpei transplanted Taiwan’s ruling knowledge to the Kanto Province and South Manchuria after the Russo-Japanese War. First, it discusses how the Governor-General of Taiwan and also Chief of General Staff of the Manchurian Army, Kodama Gentarō, successively transferred officials from the Government-General of Taiwan, such as Ishizuka Eizō and Gotō Shinpei to South Manchuria between 1905 and 1907, thus initiating the transplantation of the Taiwan police system to Manchuria. The paper also analyzes the initial establishment of the Imperial Japanese consulates in South Manchuria and its police stations. It then discusses how, under the influence of Gotō Shinpei, the Chief of Civil Affairs of the Kanto Governor’s Office, Shirani Takeshi, the Chief of Police Affairs, Satō Tomokuma, and others, transplanted Taiwan’s Baojia system and policeaffairs-related laws to Kanto, and established a police-centered civil administration system in Kanto, thus maintaining public order and cracking down on horse bandits in and surrounding Kanto. Finally, this paper elaborates on how Gotō Shinpei promoted the unification of the police administration led by the Kanto Governor’s Office in South Manchuria. On the one hand, this solved the problem of the Kanto Governor’s Office and the consulates of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in South Manchuria having their own police administration units; on the other hand, this expanded the scope of Japanese modern police governance and monitoring toward the whole South Manchuria, thus establishing effectively the institutional basis for Japan’s imperial expansion and colonial modernization in South Manchuria. The above analysis illustrates the close relationship of the Japanese Empire’s southward and northward expansion policies with the transfer of ruling styles and the circulation of ruling talents from Taiwan to Manchuria.

Keywords：Manchurian Rule, Imperial Knowledge, Gotō Shinpei, Construction of Police System, Baojia System, Kanto Governor’s Office, Transfer of Ruling Knowledge

Abstract：
　　This article discusses the relationship between midwifery and the Presbyterian Church in Taiwan during the Japanese colonial era, the impact of female Christians taking up midwifery on the Church, their family and themselves, as well as the relationship between faith and specific occupations. From the late Qing Dynasty to the early Japanese rule, female Christians who learnt about modern midwifery through foreign female doctors, female missionaries, and church clinics became pioneers of modern midwifery in Taiwan. In 1906, Taiwan Sōtokufu launched midwifery workshops to train Taiwanese midwives. The church encouraged female believers to undergo the training, thus explaining why many early Taiwanese midwives came from Christian families. Besides being the earliest local midwives, they also shared the experience of birth delivery, and helped medical professionals accumulate knowledge about pregnancy and childbirth. After 1923, modern midwifery gradually became accepted by society. This high-income profession not only contributed to personal independence of female believers, but also improved the family income of missionaries. As illustrated by the examples of Li Zhao-zhi and Li Xiu-xian, it was common among believers for mother and daughter both becoming midwives, as well as marriages between “doctor and midwife” or “missionary and midwife,” showing that midwifery had become one of the main career options for female believers. However, from the 1930s onwards, churches in the south questioned whether the pastor’s wife could serve as a midwife or not. The church’s attitude gradually changed from actively encouraging female believers to take up “midwifery mission” to worrying that the female believers’ profession would hinder their missionary work. Female pastors had faced a dilemma between missionary work and personal career since the Japanese colonial era.

Keywords：Midwife, Female Christian, Li Zhao-zhi, The Diary of Ng Ong-seng, Huang Li Xiu-xian, Medical Mission

Abstract：
　　This essay focuses on forestry in early postwar Taiwan, examining how the February 28 Incident shaped and was shaped by the relationships between society, environment and the state, while unearthing the Incident’s implications in environmental history. In order to maintain a unified and totalized forestry regime favored by the forestry community in Europe and North America, the Forestry Bureau of the Chief Executive Office was inclined to ally with local forestry practitioners. Those who were excluded from this regime grew dissatisfied, and there were criticisms within the Chief Executive Office. The February 28 Incident opened the floodgate for the dissents. During the Incident, not only did “thugs” and “bandits” attack forest officials, “unruly people” also swarmed into national forests for illegal logging and cultivation. Meanwhile, in the Chief Executive Office, there emerged the argument that “the Forestry Bureau had become too large and inflexible, and should be broken down and restructured.” After the establishment of the Taiwan Provincial Government, Governor Dao-Ming Wei entrusted Zhenxu Tang (1911-2003), who received his PhD in Hydraulic Engineering and Transportation Engineering from the Cornell University, with the reconstruction of the forestry industry. Tang’s first step was to draw a clear line between his new forestry regime and the Forestry Bureau. Claiming that the Bureau had been “notorious” for its alliance with Taiwanese forestry practitioners, he thus declared war on them. Until 1960, Taiwan’s forestry was in a dark age characterized by high tension between the state and society, incessant changes in forestry authorities, as well as deforestation and illegal logging.

Keywords：Environmental History, February 28 Incident, Forestry, Forestry Bureau

Abstract：
　　Guang-Ming Pao (《光明報》) was an underground newspaper issued by the Taiwan Province Working Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1948. Published irregularly, this one-page newspaper was mimeographed on a steel plate, with a print run of five or six hundred copies, and only twenty-one issues in total. In September 1949, uniformed personnel stormed into the campus of Keelung Middle School, cracked down on the clandestine newspaper printing and arrested several staff members involved. The accidental exposure of Guang-Ming Pao preluded the disintegration of the Taiwan Province Working Committee. Intelligence gathered led to the capture of the top cadres, including Cai Xiao-Qian, Chen Zhe-Min, Hong You-Qiao, and Zhang Zhi-Zhong, a fatal blow to the CCP in Taiwan. The Guang-Ming Pao Incident can be regarded as a major turning point in the history of White Terror in the 1950s. With the archives of the case sealed for several decades, false information has widely spread. This article takes the Wikipedia entry as a starting point, cross-examining recently released political archives and oral interview records. Moreover, organization of the press, division of labor, content and sources, as well as distribution channels were explored in order to unravel the mystery of the rise and demise of this underground newspaper.

Keywords：Guang-Ming Pao, Underground Newspaper, CCP Taiwan Province Working Committee, White Terror in the 1950s, Wikipedia Entry

Abstract：
　　Shigeru Tsuchida investigated extensively all Formosan languages and their major dialects from 1962 to 2013. His research materials included field notes, manuscripts, tape recordings of vocabulary, texts and songs, and index cards for vocabulary. All these materials were donated to the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (TUFS) in 2019. During my visit to TUFS in November 2022, I found out that upon Tsuchida’s consent, TUFS would be willing to turn over his materials to the National Library in Taiwan. TUFS has also kept Ogawa Naoyoshi and Asai Erin’s study materials on Formosan languages documented before World War II, which would also be turned over to the National Library. If all goes well, the National Library in Taiwan will have the best collection of research materials on Formosan language studies.
　　In this paper I listed Tsuchida’s tape recordings and field notes on Formosan languages that were donated to TUFS. The languages and dialects include Amis, Atayal, Bunun, Kanakanavu, Kavalan, Paiwan, Pazih, Puyuma, Rukai (Maga, Mantauran and Kocapongan dialects), Saaroa, Saisiyat, Seediq, Tsou (Duhtu dialect), extinct Western Plains languages (Taokas, Papora and Babuza), and Yami. A list of Tsuchida’s publications is also attached.

Keywords：Formosan Languages, Tsuchida, Field Notes, Tape Recordings, Index Cards