Abstract：
From the 16th century, Taiwan had come to be known as “Dong Fan” (literally“Eastern Barbarians”) by the Ming dynasty gentry owing to activities of sea merchants and pirates of southeast coastal China. In 1567, Yuegang (or “Moon Port”) of Zhangzhou, Fujian was opened for foreign trade, thus ushering Taiwan onto the stage of East Asian History. Large-scale agricultural immigrants and reclamation started in the early 17thcentury Taiwan under Dutch rule. The number of immigrants from southern Fujian to Taiwan reached its first peak after the Ming loyalist Koxinga founded the Kingdom of Tungning and until Taiwan came under Qing rule during Kangxi’s reign. The capital of both Dutch Formosa and Kingdom of Tungning was Tainan; therefore, the earliest reclamation and development started in the vicinity of Tainan.
Using historical materials of first-generation immigrants of old settlements, this paper examines hometowns and immigration sequence among the early settlers in two main reclamation areas in Tainan: Yan-shui Creek/Hsu-hsien Creek basin adjacent to Chi-yu Lake and Tseng-wen Creek/Chi-shui Creek basin near Beimen peninsula. The analysis reveals that immigrants preferred settling in river valleys and floodplains near foothills, which were reclaimed earlier than coastal plain areas. Generally speaking, immigrants from Zhangzhou came before those from Quanzhou. However, the earliest immigrants were mainly from the border between Zhangzhou and Quanzhou near the estuary of Chiu-lung
River. This area in Ming-Qing times was within the Zhangzhou livelihood and social zone, with Yuegang and Xiamen as centers. The fact that these earliest immigrants shared the same community culture shaped by the basin and were unapt to be divided simply based on their Zhangzhou and Quanzhou origins has had a profound impact on the development of Taiwan history beginning from Tainan.

Keywords：Yuegang, Chiu-lung River Livelihood Zone, Immigrants from Zhangzhou and Quanzhou, Tseng-wen Creek Basin, Hsuhsien Creek Basin

Abstract：
This article focuses on the mobilization of coolies (人夫、苦力) during the Taroko War in 1914. Using official documents and diaries, it re-examines the effectiveness of modern governmentality in the Japanese Colonial period from two perspectives. One is how mobilization rooted in the bureaucratic system worked effectively in local society; and the other is whether the modern infrastructure at that time as the prerequisite for mobilization was complete and thorough.
From the first perspective, it is clear that the sub-prefecture (支廳), connecting the bureaucratic system with the local society, was responsible for the initial concentration and inspection of resources in the mobilization procedure. On the front line, police officers played an important role in stabilizing and revising the mobilization procedure under multiple contradictions resulting from race and slavery issues. Moreover, the Government-General of Taiwan successfully made Baojia bear the burden of mobilization and expropriation through the wartime regulations, thus transferring the cost of the colonial war to the local society in Taiwan.
From the second perspective, the standard time system was forcibly implanted into the local society under the police and Baojia’s supervisory control. Furthermore, telegraphs and railways also played critical roles in reducing time and space in this war.
To sum up, this study not only highlights the impressive ruling skills of the Government-General of Taiwan but also shows how Imperial Japan shifted the war cost to its colonies. In addition, it even further reveals the hidden violence of Colonial Modernity from the perspective of colonial war.

Keywords：Colonial Governmentality, Colonial Modernity, Colonial War, Taroko War, Mobilization, Baojia, Coolie

Abstract：
Between 1924 and 1926, Taiwan Minpao published a series of articles on Sino-Japanese Amity (Nikka Shinzen) and the Union of Asia (Ajia Renmei). Analyzing these articles reveals the change of Taiwanese political activists from initial belief in Sino-Japanese Amity that would support the petition drive for the establishment of the Taiwanese Parliament to disillusionment and distrust.
The USA Immigration Act of 1924, which prevented immigration from Japan, resulted in a vigorous rise of the Union of Asia doctrine, along with the idea of Sino-Japanese Amity; both contributing to the formation of a political party in Japan. While Korean national activists unequivocally opposed Japan’s leadership in policies and activities of the Union of Asia, their Taiwanese counterparts—or at least some of them—showed enthusiastic responses by actively translating relevant articles for Minpao and praising the doctrines as promising. Such enthusiasm was due to their conviction that the Union of Asia would necessarily include meaningful advancement of Sino-Japanese Amity, which would in turn drive the establishment of the Taiwanese parliament. Through textual analysis of the articles in Minpao, this paper examines how their conviction was
formed and expressed. The analysis also uncovers cases of contextomy (quoting out of context) in the translated articles as well as those of subjective interpretation—most notably of Sun Yat-sen’s speech on Pan-Asianism in Kobe.
However, the failure of the 7th petition drive for the establishment of the Taiwanese parliament in March 1926 and the launch of Northern Expedition in China worsened the division between the right and the left. The political changes at home and abroad shook the activities’ conviction in Sino-Japanese Amity. While the right-wing nationalists still insisted on the need for Sino-Japanese Amity and the establishment of the Union of Asia, the left-wing activists began focusing on the social class conflicts in Taiwan. The unification of the two parties for the petition drive crumbled. The need for Sino-Japanese Amity and the establishment of the Union of Asia were no longer on the left-wing’s agenda.

Keywords：Sino-Japanese Amity (Nikka Shinzen), Union of Asia (Ajia Renmei), USA Immigration Act of 1924, Translation Issues in Taiwan Minpao, Sun Yat-sen’s Speech on Pan-Asianism in Kobe

Abstract：
Drawing archival materials from the Kaohsiung Third Credit Cooperative and using its predecessors, the Kaohsiung-based Chungchou Credit Union (1917-1926) and Hsingyeh Credit Union (1926-1945) as case study examples, this research analyzes how Taiwan’s financial network operated between 1917 and 1945, during which credit unions took center stage.
This paper first discussed the standing of the two case credit unions in the financial sector, and then examined the financial indicators, including deposits, loans, interest rates, and bank borrowings, before and after the outbreak of Sino-Japanese War in 1937. These investigations shed light on the development of a cash flow network before and after the legalization of credit unions in 1913 and the impact of such a network on the establishment of the community financial network. The study also traced the changes in the aforementioned financial indicators when the local society of Taiwan evolved gradually into a wartime economic system following the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War, as well as the causes to these changes. The analyses revealed the role of credit unions in the wartime economic system and the qualitative changes in their financial functions during this period.
Through the analysis, this study elucidated the multifaceted nature of credit unions in the construction of Taiwan’s community financial network under Japanese colonial rule. Initially designed as community financial entities to address the demand for small loans in place of banks short on capital, credit unions evolved into lenders for small farmers and business operators by absorbing floating capital in local society and taking corporate loans from banks. During wartime, the credit unions’ function of absorbing floating capital was reinforced, and they were tasked with clearing the debts of the Japanese government and implementing financial mobilization policies as they were included in the Total War support system along with Taiwan’s local society.

Keywords：Japanese Colonial Rule, Local Society of Taiwan, Credit Union, Community Financial Network, Wartime Economy

Abstract：
In celebration of its 30th anniversary of establishment, the Institute of Taiwan History held a symposium on August 1, 2023, presided by Director Hsueh-chi Hsu and Associate Research Fellow Rwei-ren Wu, convener of the Cultural History Research Group. The symposium started from reviewing the early history of the Institute, with the Taiwan History Field Research Project proposed by Academician Kwang-chih Chang (1931-2001), through the different stages of development over the past three decades from the Taiwan History Field Research Office to the Preparatory Office and finally to the formal establishment of the Institute. From diverse perspectives, the symposium assessed how the Institute evolved over the years, pointing out that some changes were gradually accumulated from past trajectories, some were developed along the path of knowledge production within the discipline, some were academic practices that answered social concerns, and some were new research areas in response to important issues of the times.
The symposium comprised four sessions in total. In the first session, “Fieldwork and Multiple Origins,” Associate Research Fellow Su-chuan Chan talked about the Taiwan History Field Research Project, the predecessor of the Institute of Taiwan History, and the founding spirit, academic practices, and continued developments of the Taiwan History Field Research Project; and Associate Research Fellow Lung-chih Chang, now the Director of the National Museum of Taiwan History, reviewed the position of the Institute of Taiwan History in the history of Taiwan historiography with multiple origins from the social context of historiography and historical knowledge. In the second session, “Pioneers and Prospects,” Academician Ts’ui-jung Liu, Adjunct Research Fellows Fu-san Huang and Teng-fu Shih, all seniors of the Institute who have made great academic achievements, shared their respective academic journeys. Interdisciplinary dialogue and practice are traditions established by the Institute of Taiwan History since its beginning. Therefore, in the third session, “Interdisciplinary Dialogue and Practice”, Associate Research Fellows Rwei-ren Wu, Wen-kai Lin and Wen-liang Tseng shared their experiences, achievements and reflections in studying Taiwan history with a background of non-traditional history discipline. The fourth session is “Historical Perspectives and Interpretation of Historical Materials”. Research Fellows Pei-feng Chen and, Tsung-jen Chen, and Yu-ju Lin and Associate Research Fellow Jungwon JIN, who all have recently published important research findings and initiated novel research fields from fresh perspectives and with historical materials other than written materials, shared their respective academic experiences.

Keywords：Institute of Taiwan History, 30th Anniversary, Historiography, Retrospect and Prospect

Abstract：
Dr. Chun-ying Wu published an article titled “ ‘Fu Chen Project’ and Academic Turn of Kuomintang’s Interpretation of 228 Incident” in Vol. 29, No. 4 of Taiwan Historical Research. In the article, he cites two books and a research report: Fu-ch’ü li-shih ming-ching chung te ch’ên-ai 拂去歷史明鏡中的塵埃 [Flicking the Dust off the Historical Mirror], A Tragic Beginning: The Taiwan Uprising of February 28, 1947, and Research Report on the February 28 Incident. Wu argues that although these three works were written at different times with some adjustments in viewpoints, they essentially continue certain arguments that tend to absolve the Kuomintang from killing the people of Taiwan in aspects like incident background, suppression, and responsibility. As the author of the latter two works, I adhere to the spirit of “Let the evidence speak,” and rely on available archival materials to write this article in rebuttal to Wu’s relevant arguments about the two works, aiming to clarify the facts.

Keywords：Ramon H. Myers, Wei Wou, Kuomintang, National Security Bureau