Abstract：
In 1624, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) set up a trading post at a fort built on a sandbank extending out from the west coast of Taiwan (Formosa). As a new supplier in the Japanese market, the VOC attempted to import deerskins from Southeast Asian kingdoms. Unlike those imported from Siam, deerskins brought from the aborigines in Taiwan were exempted from official trade barriers between Siam and Japan. The VOC wasted no time trying to take over from the Chinese middlemen deerskin trade with the aborigines in Taiwan and compete with Japanese junk traders who held a Shogunal pass to visit Taiwan. Although deerskins accounted for an insignificant percentage of the total Sino-Japanese trade volume, their trade became a token of legitimacy for the Dutch’s sole control over the Tayouan harbor. The competition between Dutch and Japanese traders soon spiraled out of control and led to a violent conflict in 1628. All VOC businesses in Japan were suspended until 1633, when the Dutch were preferred to the Iberians by the Japanese Shogun because they were Protestant and not prone to proselytize their religion. The following year, the Japanese Shogunal court implemented a total exclusion policy forbidding Japanese to travel abroad. Deerskin exports from Siam had been in the firm grip of the Japanese community there until their leader, Yamada Nagamasa, became embroiled in the political strife following the death of King Songt’am in 1628. This political turmoil stalled Siamese deerskin exports, leaving a vacuum for Taiwanese deerskins to fill. From 1628 to 1632, the VOC authorities in Taiwan, with no access to the Japanese market, allowed the Chinese in Japan to engage in deerskin trade. Gradually, the profits made from Taiwanese deerskin exports were comparable to those from Siam. When the exclusion policy took effect in 1634 and the VOC trade with Japan resumed, the Siamese deerskin exports never recovered their previous level. Seeing an opportunity, the VOC determined to expand its Taiwanese deerskin exports. It launched a series of expeditions to aboriginal villages on the northern frontier to open deer hunting-grounds to Chinese hunters. The Siamese deerskin exports eventually stabilized in the early 1640s and the impetus of the VOC expansion slackened off accordingly. Around 1645, a new system to collect deerskins was established by the VOC authorities. This so-called “village-lease” system guaranteed keeping the Chinese-Aborigine contact to a minimum, while still providing the VOC with a certain amount of deerskins at a fixed price. Tracing the history of deerskin trade initiated by the VOC in Taiwan, the author argues that it served three purposes: to supplement Siamese deerskins, to establish the legitimacy of VOC’s control over Tayouan harbor, and to have exclusive access to the aborigines and all their goods.

Keywords：VOC, Formosa, Deerskin, Japanese in Siam, Chinese in Japan, Aborigines in Taiwan

Abstract：
This paper traces the trajectories and activities of Furuya Sadao, a Japanese lawyer, in Imperial Japan and Colonial Taiwan. It also analyzes his roles in socio-political movements in Colonial Taiwan, and the conflicts which he encountered after border-crossing. Born in 1889 to a farmer family in Yamanashi, Furuya had participated in peasant movements during his studies at the Law School of Meiji University. After obtaining his lawyer license in 1920, he became committed to the legal defense activities for labor and peasant movements. Furuya was also one of the founders of Japan Lawyers Association for Freedom (JLAF), and had been regarded as a human rights lawyer, while participating in political activities and joining the Labor-Farmer Party. He went to Seoul in Colonial Korea as a defender lawyer of the Korean Communist Party Incident in 1927. At the end of the same year, the Labor-Farmer Party dispatched Furuya to Colonial Taiwan as a consultant to Taiwan Peasants’ Union. Therefore, he and his family moved to Taiwan. In Taiwan, social movements flourished in the second half of the 1920s. Furuya served as a lawyer for many labor or peasant cases and also some political ones between 1927 and 1934. In these cases, Furuya introduced strategies and techniques which had been used in Japan. His opinions and behaviors certainly brought enlightenment to Taiwan society. However, social movements became overheated and gradually lost mass support. In the Juno Incident of 1935, Furuya, on the one hand, advocated the independence of lawyers in the investigation of the Incident, while, on the other hand, supported the supremacy of state power. His dual and dubious stand revealed limitations and changes of his ideology. During the Second World War, Furuya was completely transformed from a human rights lawyer to one who upheld the state power. This paper analyzes the many and varied roles of Furuya before WWII. His efforts for supporting peasant and social movements in colonies merited recognition. Nevertheless, his resistance to state power was after all within the establishment. Owing to such weakness of his ideology, he could not escape from it being trapped in the imperial system during the war.

Keywords：Border-crossing, Furuya Sadao, Japanese Lawyer in Colonial Taiwan, Peasant Movements in Taiwan, Japan Lawyers Association for Freedom

Abstract：
Following the Japanese attack on the Pearl Harbor and Malay Peninsula on December 8, 1941, many civilians were taken captives by belligerent countries for fear of espionage. Taiwanese living in the Malay Peninsula and Singapore were detained and then transferred to India. They were first interned at an old castle called Purana Qila, New Delhi and then at the Japanese Internment Camp in Deoli, Ajmer in central India. The internees were finally released and returned to Taiwan in May, 1946. This article reconstructs the little-known wartime history of forced migration of Taiwanese living abroad. Analyzing the list of internees shed light on the pre-war history of Taiwanese residing in the Malay Peninsula who used to live among Chinese communities. However, they were interned at the Japanese Internment Camp in India owing to their nationality and began living like the Japanese. The particular identity of Taiwan and the complex relationships between Taiwan, China and Japan makes wartime experience of overseas Taiwanese one of a kind.

Keywords：Internment Camp in India, Purana Qila, Deoli/Ajmer, Taiwanese, Internee

Abstract：
Territorial dispute between countries often has significant and lasting impact on civil society and different civil society actors usually have different relationship with territorial dispute. This article first gives a brief overview of the “Defending the Diaoyutai Islands Movement” (Baodiao) in Taiwan and America. The territorial dispute over the Diaoyutai Islands (Senkakus Islands) in the East China Sea between Taiwan, Japan, and China emerged in the late 1960s. Over the last four decades, non-state actors devoting themselves to Baodiao included intellectuals, local politicians, fishermen, and so on, whose ideologies, interests, and practical approaches to defending the Diaoyutais are not necessarily the same. Among them, the intellectual-activists who pioneered Baodiao either in America or Taiwan during 1971, especially the “leftist-unificationist” members (Zuotong) who have strongly advocated Taiwan’s unification with China, have been most vocal in calling for the defense of the “Chinese” territory of the Diaoyutais since the turn of the new millennium in the context of Taiwan’s democratization and “Taiwanization” in politics and culture. This article then explains why there has been an unexpected Baodiao memory boom created mainly by the leftist-unificationists in the recent two decades, highlighting their high cultural capital compared with that of local politicians and fishermen, nostalgic tendency typical of their late adult stage of life, the significant development of Taiwanese nationalism, and the rising of China as a global power. The article further points out that many highly antagonistic leftist and rightist members of Baodiao intellectual-activists have since the mid-1990s reached rapprochement because of their shared Chinese identity, opposition against Taiwanese nationalism, and support for the rising China, thus echoing China’s rising popular nationalism. The article concludes that the high capability of these intellectual-activists in constructing collective memory, as demonstrated in their nostalgia for the Baodiao past, shows that they have been one of most unyielding civil society actors demanding to defend the Diaoyutais, and one of the most important agents of territorial nationalism, which arguably must be overcome in order to solve the territorial dispute over the Diaoyutais, maintain stability in the East China Sea, and achieve peaceful coexistence among Taiwan, China, and Japan.

Keywords：Diaoyutai, Defending the Diaoyutai Islands Movement, Territorial Dispute, Nationalism, Intellectuals, Nostalgia, Generational Memory

Abstract：
Research on knowledge flow between Taiwan and the Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine and international networks of tropical medicine is scarce. To examine the historical process and significance of development of tropical medicine in Taiwan, this study analyzes the role played by representatives from Taiwan in the Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine, the malaria issue raised by the Association, and the impact of the Association on Taiwan. Juro Hatori was the first representative of Taiwan to attend the second annual meeting held at Hong Kong in 1912. When Taiwan was formally admitted as a member country of the Association in 1921, Juro Hatori became its Vice President. Tsungming Tu was the only Taiwanese representative. Taiwan joined the Laboratory Section of the Association to acquire and exchange information on epidemic prevention and quarantine. Representatives from Taiwan reported on the domestic malaria scene at the annual conferences and engaged in international exchange on knowledge regarding identification of Anopheles.

Keywords：Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine, Malaria, Taiwan, Circulation of Knowledge, Anopheles