Abstract：
In the second decade of 18th century, “Mullet (烏魚), Narrow-Barred Spanish Mackerel (土魠) and Milk-Fish (虱目魚)” were certified in a local gazetteer as sea-food specialties in Taiwan by the Qing literati. This article clarifies the multiple historical contexts in which each kind of fish developed into a specialty acclaimed by the Chinese settlers, who sometimes shared a common palate with the European colonizers. These multiple historical contexts are: 1) mullet fishery, which explains how Chinese migratory fishery developed into residential fishery under the changing policies of the Dutch colonization and the Zheng Regime that followed. 2) Narrow-Barred Spanish Mackerel reveals how the Chinese name of this mackerel, “to-to”, was derived from ”dorado” as a borrowed fish name situated to the European colonial encounter scene. 3) Milk-Fish suggests a hypothesis that the Zheng regime’s activities on the coast of East Java could have introduced brackish water fish-farming to Taiwan thereby initiating Milk-Fish aquaculture. In sum, the Dutch policy of importing Chinese settlers greatly contributed to the expansion of local fish consumption and became the agent behind the transformation of migratory into residential fishery. The Chinese citizens who lived among the Dutch in Zeelandia town partook of similar fish dishes and even accepted the European names of fish and recipes that were passed down even after the Dutch left. The introduction of brackish water fish-farming from Java was resulted from both above contexts. Although those multiple contexts were ignored by the Chinese literati after Taiwan was incorporated by the Qing, their traces were unintentionally preserved in the local gazetteers for the generations to come.

Keywords：Mullet, Narrow-Barred Spanish Mackerel, Milk-Fish, Colonial Encounter, Migratory Fishery

Abstract：
This article examines how internal tariff lijin implemented in late Qing Taiwan affected the traditional government-business interest structure. The prevailing practice of local governments in Taiwan was to generate revenues through official rent, interest from investment fund, and monopolistic sale of camphor. Together with dues collected from commercial guilds jiao, these revenues financed the public expenditures, fostering fiscal stability and maintaining social order. With the outbreak of Taiping Rebellion in the 1850s, lijin was introduced for extra revenue; yet, it jeopardized the then existing government -business interest structure. Moreover, protests from merchants resulted in low lijin imposed, undermining its effectiveness in generating revenue. Following the Dai Chaochun Incident, extra source of funds was needed more military expenses. Hence, lijin was again promoted. To enhance its revenue-generating efficacy, cooperation from local gentries, merchants and guilds was a must. Negotiation was made and brokerage was paid. Nevertheless, the merchants remained dissatisfied and evasion was rampant. To root out the problem, the government decided to contract the collection of lijin to merchant groups and made lijin a part of the government-business interest structure so as to turn it into a constant source of revenue. Despite of such measures, this taxation system remained ineffective with evasion and fake accounting under the collusion of the merchants. Attempts from Governor Liu Mingchuan in reforming the lijin system failed, showing that even as part of the government-business interest structure, it had never been controlled by the state power.

Keywords：Lijin (Likin), Government-Business Interest Structure, Opium, Dai Chaochun Incident, Treaty Port System

Abstract：
Samuel Samuel & Co., Ltd. was one of the original companies that later formed Royal Dutch Shell. Founded by Jewish businessman Marcus Samuel in 1834, it first began as a small store named M. Samuel & Co., then commenced trading in East Asia from the mid-19th century onwards, opened branch stores in Yokohama in 1876, engaged in oil trade in late 19th century, and eventually became an international oil enterprise. Through maintaining good relations with the Japanese government, and exploiting the conflict between Western merchants and the Japanese government, Samuel Samuel & Co., Ltd. acquired the exclusive rights to supply raw opium for the monopolistic sale of the Office of the Governor-General, and sole distribution rights for crude camphor export, thus laying the foundation for its expansion in Taiwan. The Office of the Governor-General in turn relied on Samuel Samuel & Co., Ltd. to expand its oversea markets, while training local merchants to replace Samuel Samuel & Co., Ltd., and eventually forced it out of the Japanese market. However, Arai Taizi, who helped Samuel Samuel & Co., Ltd. acquire the exclusive rights to deal camphor, and comprador Wee Tong Bo both expanded their business substantially in Taiwan with the support of the company. This study traces the major stages of this influential yet little known company in Taiwan, who played a key role in the history of monopoly sale and industry during Japanese colonial era, portraying its trajectory in Taiwan, and thus investigating its connections with the industrial development of Taiwan.

Keywords：Royal Dutch Shell, Camphor Monopoly, Arai Taizi, Wee Tong Bo

Abstract：
With reference to the dairy of Chih-ying Lu from 1933 to the early 1940s, this research explored various aspects of leisure life in the township of Ta-shu, Kaohsiung Prefecture. As mentioned in his diary, Lu had engaged in different leisure activities such as billiard, swimming, baseball, and violin. The choice of leisure activities in fact would depend on one’s marital status, interpersonal relations, and self-gratification. At different stages of life, Lu achieved different levels of self-satisfaction/achievement through participation in leisure activities. When Lu first started farming, he satisfied himself with winning sports games. After being a secretary of the agricultural cooperative, Lu’s focus shifted to the social functions of leisure activities. As a nine-to-five office worker, Lu had to coordinate the rhythm of leisure with standard working hours and routine work week schedule. Although leisure activities are conducive to self-achievement, they also consume time and stirred anxiety under the pressures of reality. Engaging in leisure activities can sometimes regulate work stress and life responsibilities, and can sometimes create conflicts in time management. Furthermore, according to Lu’s diary on participation of leisure activities organized by the Youth League, it was clear how the social mobilization mechanism during the war encouraged engagement by igniting the participants’ emulation and enthusiasm to pursue self-achievement, rather than through rigid implementation of social education. The study of leisure history on the basis of Lu’s diary provides a new perspective different from studying statistics and yearbook records, enables further understanding of the function and significance of leisure activities with full consideration of the participants’ social identity and family roles in the context of everyday life.

Keywords：Leisure, Billiard, Swimming, Baseball, Violin, Sports, Youth League