Abstract：
Beginning in 1896, the Sōtokufu (the Government-General of Taiwan) introduced the licensed prostitution system (kōshō seido) from mainland Japan to various districts in Taiwan. However, this gradually created regulatory gaps between local districts, often resulting in conflicts and disputes over the validity of prostitute indentures. In an effort to resolve these issues, the Sōtokufu standardized the system in 1906. In 1910, mandatory notarization of prostitute indentures by Japanese Court Officials became a prerequisite for their legal validity. This requirement also served as a tool to effectively safeguard the “human rights of prostitutes.” Despite its abrogation in 1918, the discourse behind the introduction as well as abrogation of mandatory notarization is worth examining, not only because of the apparent contradiction between the inhumane nature of Japanese prostitute per se, but also due to its uniqueness in the context of modern Japanese history. Ever since the Maria Luz Incident (1872), in order to avoid criticism from the West, explicit references to prostitutes in official documents, including indentures between prostitutes and panderers, were rare. In contrast, more than 1,000 prostitute indentures notarized in the 1910s were compiled and stored in the Taiwan Colonial Court Record Archives, detailing the working terms and conditions within the sex market in early colonial Taiwan. This article first traces the 1910 regulation on the notarization of prostitute indentures and its abolition in 1918 to understand the regulatory measures and objectives of the Sōtokufu as well as the socio-economic conditions that influenced these legal processes. Through analysis of 356 prostitute indentures from Taihoku District in the Taiwan Colonial Court Records Archive, this article also attempts to map out the underlying demographic landscape of early colonial Taiwan’s sex industry, particularly the existence of a community of Japanese prostitutes and their lived experiences. Finally, this article evaluates the gaps between the original intent and the actual effects of the mandatory notarization of the prostitute indentures in Taiwan.

Keywords：Notarial Deeds, Japanese Notary Public (Kōshō Kanri), Legal Brothel (Kashizashiki), Taiwan Colonial Court Records Archives, Human Trafficking, Prostitute Indentures

Abstract：
How did the past “banchi” or “savages’ land” in Taiwan get transformed into today’s national forests and lands reserved for indigenous peoples? In the face of this classical question, scholars of Taiwan history generally agree that the kubun chōsa (zoning and classification survey) of the shinrin keikaku jigyō (forest management project, 1925-1935) played an important role. However, there is little consensus regarding the origin, process, and results of the kubun chōsa. In particular, the definitions for zoning and classifying Taiwan’s forestlands, such as the huyō sonchi rin’ya (literally meaning non-reserved forests and lands), the jun yō sonchi rin’ya (semi-reserved forests and lands, which would later become lands reserved for indigenous peoples), and the jun yō sonchi rin’ya (reserved forests and lands, which would later become national forests) remain ambiguous. The original survey reports and maps of the kubun chōsa preserved by the Forestry Bureau, Council of Agriculture has been reproduced by the Center for GIS, RCHSS, Academia Sinica for scholarly research. This essay offers a guidance on how to use these open and yet understudied primary sources, and develops an explanation to the role of the kubun chōsa in Taiwan’s transition to capitalism and statemaking. First, this essay focuses on the respective views proposed by Tadao Yanaihara and Wen-liang Lee in regard to the kubun chōsa, and outlines their agreements and disagreements. Second, with the historiographical survey completed, this essay returns to the official reports and primary sources of the kubun chōsa, and offers answers to the reason why the kubun chōsa designated most of the forestlands under survey as the yō sonchi rin’ya, the actual meaning and origin of the yō sonchi rin’ya, and whether the colonial government planned to sell the huyō sonchi rin’ya to capitalists. Third, this essay outlines the contents and scopes of the primary sources of the kubun chōsa, and uses the Nanshō chōsaku as a case, integrating the primary sources known as the banjin shoyōchi chōsasho currently housed at the Library of the National Taiwan University and distinguishing three types of spaces, namely space for governmental administration, space for scientific forestry, and living space of indigenous peoples. In conclusion, this essay argues that the primary sources of the kubun chōsa not only reveal the theories and practices of the colonial forestry sector in incorporating the savages’ land into a scientific forestry regime, but also offer a valuable window through which contemporary scholars could examine issues such as Taiwan’s transition to capitalism and statemaking, and the uniqueness of the Japanese empire as an imperial nation-state. Moreover, in light of the rising call for historical and transitional justice of Taiwan’s indigenous peoples, the results of the kubun chōsa could provide relevant discussions with an empirical basis, upon which scholars and activists could explore how and why Taiwan’s indigenous peoples transformed from “masters of Taiwan’s forests” to “wanderers in their own lands.

Keywords：Taiwan Indigenous Peoples, Scientific Forestry, Survey for Zoning and Dividing, Project for Forest Management, Japanese Empire

Abstract：
This article examined how the Nationalist government and Taiwanese people faced the invasion of American mass consumption culture while accepting US aid during the early Cold War period in the light of the government ban on Coca-Cola, which reflected the conflict, anxiety, and adaptation of post-war Taiwan undergoing Americanized modernization. Coca-Cola, a world-popular representative American product of the 20th century, has strong mass consumption culture characteristics. In response to the demand of American diplomats and military personnel in Taiwan, the Nationalist government had allowed Taiwanese trade companies to import Coca-Cola since 1951. With increasing number of Americans stationed in Taiwan, the government eventually established a joint-venture soda factory in 1957 for local production of Coca-Cola. In fact, the import of Coca-Cola was banned in 1952 because of insufficient foreign exchange for trade payment, the urge to protect domestic beverage industry, the launch of wartime New Life Movement, and the historical experience of economic chaos in Shanghai in the late 1940s. Nevertheless, the effect of such ban was short-lived; and people including high-ranking government officials were able to obtain and consume bootleg Coca-Cola through privileged or black-market access. At the same time, many others drank beverages similar to Coca-Cola, which stimulated even stronger interest in Coca-Cola among the public. As a result, the ban gradually became ineffective. Under the lobby and pressure from the Coca-Cola Company, the government eventually allowed again the import of Coca-Cola in 1967. The case of Coca-Cola in Taiwan indicated that under the invasion of American mass consumption culture, although the ban did delay the progress of Americanized modernization, Taiwan, as a member of the anti-Communist league and with people admiring and adopting American lifestyle, ultimately succumbed to Americanization. The prior experience of Shanghai played an important role in influencing the resistance and acceptance of Americanization in Taiwan.

Keywords：Coca-Cola, Cold War, The Culture Cold War, Mass Consumerism, Americanization

Abstract：
According to the similarity of topics discussed, this study performed a simple classification of research results on economic history in Taiwan published between 2016 and 2017, highlighting several studies of significance. Moreover, suggestions for economic history research in Taiwan were proposed using the research results from Japanese economic history accumulated over an extensive period as an example and with reference to the development of research on Marxian economics and cliometrics. In addition, points of contention in topics on post-war economic history were pointed out and fundamental historical knowledge required for conducting research on these topics were identified. Finally, blind spots in using digital archives, databases and statistics were explored along with a brief discussion on historical and social science methods applicable to economic history research and the limitations of these methods.

Keywords：Economic History of Taiwan, Economic History of Japan, Historical Understanding, Historical Research, Social Science Research