Abstract：
　　The business development of eastern Taiwan was left alone to civilian companies in early Japanese colonization rule. Eastern Taiwan needed a huge amount of capital investment and manpower to manage this area, because of the poor natural environment. Since the goal of private companies was to make as much profit as possible, they never invested enough in eastern Taiwan's development. This is the reason why they worked without much result. The Government-general of Taiwan tried to exploit eastern Taiwan with the power of state from the late Taisho period, but due to a limited budget and execution difficulties it failed miserably. 　　In 1936 a national policy company, Taiwan Development Company (TDC), was established. It was at the same time that the Eastern Taiwan Development Committee was founded and a plan for the mountainous region's development unfolded. For this reason, TDC decided to manage the business of eastern Taiwan. In 1937 TDC set up some offices and begun the undertaking of land in eastern Taiwan under three characteristics of management. First, the heart of business was in land clearing during the primary stage, but following the needs of military industry, the development of the regions business changed from Taitung to Hualien. Second, The management of TDC in eastern Taiwan was obviously official in nature. Third, eastern Taiwan was the headquarters of TDC's tropical cultivation business and the offices of TDC located in eastern Taiwan were the homes that fostered the manpower of agriculture cultivation. 　　The company's enterprise in eastern Taiwan presents us with an example of a wartime colonizing government that had tapped its resources enthusiastically in its colonized frontier. TDC was simply a substitute of the colonization government, taking the lead to develop eastern Taiwan. The managing structure and operations were of course totally influenced by the colonial government and local authorities.

Keywords：Taiwan Development Company, eastern Taiwan, tropical cultivation, regional development, Eastern Taiwan Development Committee, the plan of mountainous region development, National policy company, colonization government

Abstract：
　　In the early post-war period, Taiwan's national forest management faced a crisis of the "imbalance between reforestation and lumbering" with forest protection often not being realized. The area of idle woodlands had been about one million hectares. For this situation, "the ambiguousness of forest administration and production" was the explanation wildly accepted. This article first challenges the explanation, then focuses on the institutions regulating lumbering in the national forests, and investigates their interactions and articulations. The author also provides an alternative explanatory framework and uncovers the relationships within the forest environmental and socio-economic changes during that time. 　　Classified by the attributes of managers, the institutions regulating lumbering in Taiwan's national forests could be divided into government- and private-managed ones and their origins could be traced to the Japanese colonial rule. When Taiwan was returned to the Republic of China, the Forest Bureau, which was later replaced by the Taiwan Forest Administration (TFA) in 1947, took over the high-valued and stocked coniferous woodlands managed previously by both the Government-General of Taiwan and Japanese capitalists and then divided these lands into six government-managed lumbering grounds, with the Forestry Bureau monopolizing most of the timber market. Consequently, the situation of private-managed lumbering industries was similar to that during the Japanese colonial rule. Their lumbering was restricted to the low-valued and stocked hardwoods under the supervision of the forest administration. However, the market for fuel wood was almost wholly monopolized by these lumbering capitalists. 　　In the early post-war period, demand for railroad sleeper cars, timber, and fuel wood kept rising. As a main timber provider, the TFA could not meet these demands, because of the high costs of operations, the simplicity of the categories of wood it provided, and the inefficiency of management. The "institution for allocation and selling" was designed to alleviate this urgent situation. However, the operation of this institution was impacted by serious inflation, multiple structures of the timber market, and an unlimited demand for the wood by military agencies, resulting in that the running of government-managed lumbering grounds turned into a serious predicament. In this context, on the one hand, the state not only recognized the permits for lumbering acquired in the Japanese colonial rule of those private-managed lumbering capitalists, but also continued and consolidated their special positions by new institutions. The goals of the state were to integrate capitalists' capacities so as to satisfy the rising and various demands, increase state revenues, thus compensating the deficits resulted from the allocation and selling of timber and providing finances to reforestation. On the other hand, in practice, these articulations facilitated capitalists' capital accumulations accidentally and extracted society's economic surpluses to support the production and reproduction of public-operated enterprises and military agencies. Moreover, the capacity of the state to reforest the lumbered woodlands was weakened, while rising prices of timber and fuel wood prompted people to fell trees illegally. Government- and private-managed lumbering industries were in fact often the main causes of forest destruction. Consequently, both society and the forest environment paid a heavy price for the resulting chaos during the early post-war period.

Keywords：national forests, forest management, lumbering industry, forest history

Abstract：
This article studies the interaction among the state, landlords, and peasantry in Taiwan post-war transformation of land tenure, in particular the land reform of 1949-1953. As widely known, the land reform constitutes a key to the understanding of development and social change in post-war Taiwan. However, most writers fail to locate the post-war land reform in the long-term socio-economic change of Taiwan and therefore are unable to provide a historical explanation for the interaction among the state, landlords, and peasantry. Most studies on Taiwan's land reform tend to highlight how the KMT state reconstructed the class relationship in the countryside to form a small-holding agrarian society, which served its political purposes as well as the squeeze on agricultural surplus. As widely assumed, the state by means of defining property rights and taxation is able to shape the class structure. Yet, as shown in this study, the KMT state was not free to do so. Reshaping the agrarian class relationship through land policies not only depended upon the KMT state's institutional capacity, but was constrained by existing class forces. The interests and political resourses of the collective actors can be traced back to their positions within the existing social structure. Actors make their own choice of action according to their strategic positions in the interest-conflicting social structure. As shown in this study, no one (not even the state) enjoyed absolute sway over the others. Applying a path-dependent perspective, the authors aim to reveal how the pre-existing socio-economic structure provided possibilities and imposed constraints toward Taiwan's post-war land reform. Comparing the interaction among three main collective actors─the state, landlords, and peasantry─in various historical conjunctures, the paper highlights the "politics" in the post-war land reform in order to illuminate how the alliance and conflicts among actors led to the forced reduction of the rent rate (1949) and eventually to land redistribution (1953).

Keywords：Land reform, grain procurement system, state, class

Abstract：
This paper analyses how during the 1970s Taiwan's postwar generation rediscovered Taiwanese literature written during the Japanese colonial period and how that literature represented a form of anti-Japanese resistance. I argue that the postwar generation drew upon a Chinese nationalist narrative of history to "nationalize" the island's colonial literary past so as to claim affinity with a Chinese nationalist discourse of anti-Japanese resistance. The exploration of the past helped this generation to make sense of the dramatic sociopolitical changes affecting Taiwan in the 1970s and, in turn, to form a sense of their collective self. The dialectical relationship between collective memory and the present, however, was also infused with contemporary political meaning. I reveal how the construction of the collective memory carried politically reformist implications that reflected the postwar generation's social and political activism during the 1970s. For members of that generation who were born in Taiwan and whose parents suffered under Japanese colonialism, the rediscovery of their colonial literary past as a form of anti-Japanese resistance constituted a political claim to "Chineseness" and therefore a demand that Taiwanese were equally full citizens of the Chinese state. This case study suggests that although such a form of subjectivity based upon the nationalization of collective memory might serve to advance immediate political goals, ultimately it constitutes a barrier to understanding Taiwan's past and thus to enlightenment.

Keywords：:identity, narrative, nationalism, collective memory, public sphere, Taiwanese colonial literature